The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale in autistic children. Research method was descriptive survey of instrument standardization type. The statistical population consisted of 1400 autistic children aged 3 to 12 years in Isfahan, from among whom 450 children were randomly selected and 430 of them were included in statistical analysis according to inclusion and exit criteria of the study. In exploratory factor analysis, 230 individuals and confirmatory factor analysis 200 autistic children aged 3 to 12 years were included separately. Research instruments were GARS Autism Symptoms Diagnostic Scale and Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale. Data were analyzed with SPSS26 and AMOS24 software using correlation coefficient, heuristic and confirmatory factor analysis. Results of exploratory factor analysis showed six factors respond to changes, which were routines and rituals, tendency to be restrictive, response to novelty, response to uncertainty, oversensitivity to ambient events with specific values ​​higher than one that 55.986% of  total variance of structure explain Behavioral Inflexibility. Results of first-order confirmatory factor analysis showed all indices were PCFI = 0.851, PNFI = 0.809, CMIN / DF = 1.876, RMSEA = 0.051, IFI = 0.954, CFI = 0.954, GFI =0.920 confirmed proper fit of final model so factors obtained from the scale were appropriate. Internal stability of components of Behavioral Inflexibility Scale was higher than 0.7, indicating acceptable consistency of components of structure. Convergent validity of proposed model scales (CR >0.60), divergent validity (AVE> ASV and MSV) were appropriate. Persian version of Lecavalier Behavioral Inflexibility Scale had acceptable validity and reliability and measures 6 factors.

Introduction: One of the symptoms of people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is Behavioral Inflexibility, which causes poor adaptation to environmental demands and Behavioral problems. The present study investigated, the role of executive functions in predicting the Behavioral flexibility of young children with ASD. Methods: In this correlational study, the convenience sampling method selected 45 children aged 16 to 36 months. Data were collected using the behavior rating inventory of executive functioning-preschool version (BRIEF-P) and the behavior flexibility rating scale-revised (BFRS-R). Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression were used to analyze the data using SPSS-24 software. Results: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis revealed that the Behavioral flexibility of children with inhibition (P<0. 05, r=0. 37), shifting (P<0. 01, r=0. 45), emotional control (P<0. 01, r=0. 49), planning/organizing (P<0. 05, r=0. 34), inhibitory self-control (P<0. 01, r=0. 44), cognitive flexibility (P<0. 01, r=0. 55), metacognition (P<0. 05, r=0. 30), and total score of executive functions (P<0. 01, r=0. 46) is correlated. Working memory had no significant relationship with young children's Behavioral flexibility (P>05, r=0. 23). The overall score of young children executive functions predicts 18%, 15%, and 21% of the variance, respectively, of the Behavioral flexibility of young children in relation to objects, the environment, and the overall score of Behavioral flexibility. Executive functions did not have the ability to significantly predict Behavioral flexibility toward individuals. Conclusion: The present study concluded that executive dysfunction is associated with Behavioral flexibility in young children with ASD. It is suggested that in future studies, the design of early interventions to improve executive functions with the aim of increasing the flexibility of children with ASD be considered.

Aim and Background: The main purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of applied Behavioral analysis (ABA) approach on symptoms of autistic children during a five-year period.Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 autistic children (3-7 years of age) were intervened by ABA approach at Isfahan Center of Autism for a period of five years (2007-12). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) was filled out at baseline and at the end of the five-year period. Besides, the subjects were assessed by a checklist including cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help at the beginning of the study and at the end of each year. After five years, all collected data was analyzed with SPSS19.Findings: Pretest and the posttest values of stereotypic behaviors, communication problems, social interactions, and GARS total scores were significantly different (P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements in cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help were observed after each year and at the end of the five-year period (P<0.001).Conclusions: On the whole, it can be concluded that ABA-based interventions can effectively reduce symptoms of autism and increase skills.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of financial Inflexibility on value anomaly. According to the research literature, three related sources of financial Inflexibility have been identified, and we have created a composite Inflexibility index, based on the variables of Investment irreversibility, total leverage and financial constraint. Methods: In order to achieve the research goals, the monthly data of a 450 year-firm has been used during the period from 2008 to 2017. To test the research hypotheses, Fama and French (1993) three-factor Asset Pricing model was used, and by following the Poulsen, Faff and Gray (2013) studies financial Inflexibility, the fourth factor has been added to it. In order to investigate the role of financial Inflexibility on value anomaly, the above models were used once by using combined data; and once again, it is fitted with a time-series method. Results: Financial Inflexibility has a significant impact on Stock and portfolio risk premium. Conclusion: The results of the research show that the financial Inflexibility leads to a positive risk premium in the stock level and investment portfolios and value firms gain higher future returns than growth firms due to the compensation for the risk of financial Inflexibility, and Finally, the positive relationship of financial Inflexibility factor with inflexible portfolios and negative relationship with flexible portfolios indicates that financial Inflexibility independently subjects firms to common shocks.

Objectives: the aim of present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the Body Image Psychological Inflexibility Scale (BIPIS) in students of both genders.Methods: The study sample consisted of Bu-Ali-Sina University students enrolled during the academic year 2016. A total of 329 students were selected based on multistage cluster sampling. To study the psychometric characteristics of the BIPIS, it was first translated with the help of the double-translation technique and then administered along with the Body Dysmorphic Meta-Cognitive Questionnaire and Body Image-Acceptance and Action questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed, and thereafter, its reliability, validity and confirmatory factor analysis were calculated.Results: Analysis of the collected data showed that the scale has a reliability of 0.90 to 0.93 alpha coefficients in general and both genders. In addition, the concurrent validity of both genders with the sub-scales of Body Dysmorphic Meta-Cognitive Questionnaire and Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire was 0.71, 0.62, 0.75, 0.69 and -0.58 for Meta-Cognitive strategies, thought- action fusion, Meta-Cognitive negative and positive beliefs, safety behaviors, and body image-acceptance and action questionnaire respectively. Which in the P<0.01 level was significant. Moreover, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the factor structure of the questionnaire.Conclusion: The BIPIS favors psychometric properties among Iranian students.

This study examines for the first time anomaly of accruals from the perspective of investment-based asset pricing theory. According to investment-based asset pricing theory, financial Inflexibility can be the cause anomaly of accruals. According to the research literature three related sources of financial Inflexibility are identified, we created a composite Inflexibility index, based on the variables of investment irreversibility, leverage and financial constraint. In order to achieve the research goals, 5400 Month-firm is used during the period from 2008 to 2017. To test the research hypotheses Fama and French three-factor and four-factor of Polson, Fuff and Gray models are used. The models are fitted once using pooled data, then using time series methods. The results of the research show that the financial Inflexibility leads to a positive risk premium in the stock level and investment portfolios and firms with low accruals gain higher future returns than firms with high accruals to compensate for the risk of financial Inflexibility, Finally the positive (negative) relationship of the factor of financial Inflexibility with inflexible portfolios (flexible portfolios) indicates that financial Inflexibility independently subjects firms to common shocks.